Some alternate readings are optional in liturgical year A, preferred in year B, etc.
2023 is year A.
On a weekday, as in 2023, one reading before the gospel suffices.
The Baptism of the Lord, January 9, 2023
[For the gospel from Matthew, year A]
Last Sunday we heard Matthew's account of the epiphany of the infant Jesus before pagans. This gospel is Matthew's account of the epiphany of the adult Jesus before John the Baptist and other devout Jews.
[For the gospel from Mark, year B]
Saint Mark's gospel begins not with a nativity, but with the adult John the Baptist, preaching in the desert yet drawing great crowds from the cities. They wanted his baptism that "led to the forgiveness of sins."
[For the gospel from Luke, year C]Like the gospel of John, Luke's account addresses a lingering question about the position of John the Baptist and the indisputable memory that Jesus submitted to John's baptism.
Near the end of a desperate period of exile, God calls the Jews to be his servant and gives them an unexpected mission.
A Theological Summary: The passage raises these questions:
Proclaiming It Another Way: Secondly, since this is the feast of the first public manifestation of the mission of the adult Jesus, the lector might try to "get into Jesus' head" as he grappled with this passage in his own heart. Don't assume that Jesus knew the future in detail, and always had a clear career-path in mind. After all, he indisputably submitted to John's baptism. Ask how Jesus "found himself" in this Scripture passage. You might proclaim it as if you were Jesus reading it aloud to himself and mulling it over as he prepares to go public.
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* Scholars have called this and three similar passages from this section of Isaiah the Songs of the Suffering Servant. They're about a mysterious figure, who sometimes speaks in the first person, and whom God sometimes addresses. Sometimes the Servant is described as a prophet, sometimes as one whose suffering brings about a benefit for the people. In the original author's mind, the servant was probably a figure for the people of Israel, or for a faithful remnant within the people. The gospels clearly show that Jesus, and the early church, saw aspects of Jesus' own life and mission foreshadowed in the Servant Songs, and the church refers to all of them throughout the liturgical year. Today's is the first Servant Song. The second, Isaiah 49:1-6, we proclaim on the feast of the birth of John the Baptist. On Passion Sunday, we proclaim the third, Isaiah 50:4-7, and on Good Friday, the fourth, Isaiah 52:13-53:12.
When the Judeans returned home after two generations in exile, rebuilding was distressingly slow. The prophet responded with images of hope: good food and drink, a worthy king, prestige among the nations; then a description of the power of the word of God.
Proclaiming It: Isaiah was sure that the exile and the slowness of the recovery from it were punishment for the people's sins. Nor does he doubt God's mercy. To bolster the people's confidence, he prophesies in a set of inspirational images:
As their exile in Babylon ended, the people of Judah prepared to return home. But the journey seemed difficult and frightening. The prophet gave reassuring words. In the last paragraph, the scene changes to nearly empty Jerusalem, where a sentinel sees God leading the exiles home.
The Historical Situation: The people of Israel spent a couple of generations in exile, captives of the Babylonians, from about 600 B.C.E. to 540 B.C.E. The second major part of the book of Isaiah, chapters 40-55, concerns the end of this Exile and the return of the captives to their homeland. Today's first reading begins that section.
The Theological Background: Isaiah says that God has told him to tell Jerusalem (that is, the exiled citizens of Jerusalem and their fellow Jews) "that her service is at an end." He means, in effect, that her "sentence" is at an end. The King James Version puts it more strongly: "Cry unto her that her warfare is accomplished, that her iniquity is pardoned." However weak or strong the translation, the meaning is that the Exile is over. Isaiah is not shy about saying the Exile was a punishment for sin, but all is forgiven now.
The Poetic Images: The next few sentences describe how the exiles are to return home. The first image is of a grand religious procession from Babylon to Jerusalem. It's not just people who are making the procession, but God as well. (Other ancient people carried idols of their gods on floats in solemn processions; Isaiah, no idolator, imagines God leading the people.) To pave the way, valleys and mountains are to be leveled, and a highway created in the wilderness.
The goal of the exiles is the region known as Judah, and within Judah the city Jerusalem, and within Jerusalem the hill Zion, where their Temple had stood. The last paragraph depicts a lonely sentry who never went to Babylon but waited in Jerusalem, always looking out for the return of the exiles. He finally sees the approach of the procession described above, and he can't contain his joy. He shouts it from the highest hill, "Here comes your God with power!" Then there follows an image in startling contrast, the tender picture of a shepherd cradling lambs.
Proclaiming It: An excellent way to prepare to proclaim this is to listen to the same verses as interpreted by George Frederick Handel, in his oratorio Messiah (1742). Within the first nine short "pieces" of the Messiah, you'll hear all these verses, set to various kinds of music, each appropriate to the text of the verses.
However you prepare, reckon with the rich array of emotions and images. Pause when there's a change in emotion or image. Modulate your voice. To revisit the classical music metaphor, note that Handel didn't render these verses in a single recitative. You shouldn't either. Rather imitate the composer, who wrote several different melodies and assigned them to a wide variety of voices.
Pause a long moment before beginning the last paragraph (verse 9), because the scene has changed. Now we're in Jerusalem, or on a hill overlooking it. The character is a sentinel who, after about sixty years of waiting, sees the returning exiles come over the horizon, God marching at their head. The watchman cannot contain his excitement!In separate visions, God has called Peter the Jewish Christian apostle and Cornelius the pagan centurion to meet each other. It's an unlikely pairing and it breaks old precedents.
Proclaiming It: For Peter, it wasn't meditation on Isaiah 42 that proved this. It was his relationship with Jesus, and his meditation on Jesus' life, from his baptism through his resurrection. So proclaim this like Peter delivered it originally, with the conviction of one who has had the "Aha!" experience, who finally sees it all clearly.
For a community divided by false teaching, the writer gives a clear teaching that Jesus is indeed the Son of God. He asserts that holding the correct faith makes it possible for believers to love each other properly.
To the best of our knowledge, the original recipients of the first letter of John were specific Christian communities,
The inspired writer, of course, wants to ease the pains caused by these rifts, and assure his readers that the saving truth is open to them and clear.
Examining the verses of the reading in this light, we notice: | |
Everyone who believes that Jesus is the Christ is begotten by God, and everyone who loves the father loves [also] the one begotten by him. In this way we know that we love the children of God when we love God and obey his commandments. | Believing the correct teaching about Jesus (point 5, above) lets you become God's child. Thus you're prepared to love God's other children (point 11). |
For the love of God is this, that we keep his commandments. And his commandments are not burdensome, | The heretics claimed special knowledge of the things of God (item 9, above). The writer refutes them by stating that the commands of God are clear to all and quite possible to obey. |
for whoever is begotten by God conquers the world. And the victory that conquers the world is our faith.
Who [indeed] is the victor over the world but the one who believes that Jesus is the Son of God?
| In other words, holding the correct belief about point 6 enables one to prevail in the world. |
So there are three that testify, the Spirit, the water, and the blood, and the three are of one accord. If we accept human testimony, the testimony of God is surely greater. Now the testimony of God is this, that he has testified on behalf of his Son. | In the ancient Middle East, where status and honor were valued above all else, deceit was common, and so was skepticism. So people commonly invoked every possible witness to confirms the truth of their assertions. Here the author backs up his teaching with testimony of three witnesses. |
Proclaiming It: Every time I've written about how to proclaim a passage from 1 John, I've emphasized reading it s-l-o-w-l-y. That holds today. It would also help to break the reading with pauses well placed after discrete thoughts, almost sentence by sentence. Read it to yourself often, so you know where the logical breaks are. Don't be surprised to find this a daunting passage to proclaim; The writer was a poetic mystic, and his every paragraph is packed with meanings that you could fruitfully plumb for years.
The method in these messages is to ground them in what we can know about the communities of the scriptures' writers. They all were trying to change something, or prevent some undesirable change, for the benefit of their audience. The more we know about the situation that made the apostle write the epistle, the more honestly we can interpret it. Their communities were like ours, and unlike ours, often in surprising ways. Heavyweight scholars and historians uncover these backgrounds. Some of them publish their findings in ways that we non-professionals can grasp. So I often cite the "Cultural World of …" series of popular books by the late John Pilch, and point you to excerpts from them on the Web.
So, as we approach the annual feast of the baptism of Jesus by John, it's only consistent to ask what was John's purpose in proposing a new ritual bathing, one that attracted Jesus. In a new book I'm reading, I found some provocative history-writing about John's baptism. It can illuminate why the first Christians took it over, and maybe inspire us to live out our baptismal commitments more thoroughly.
The book is After Jesus Before Christianity, subtitled "A historical exploration of the first two centuries of Jesus Movements."[1] I cite it with some hesitation because it makes assumptions, several of which, it was assumed in my education, long ago, one would not make. Some are more controversial, some less so.
One of the book's assumptions is that numerous early sources of thought about Jesus and the Christian life can be read confidently, even though these books didn't get selected for the "canon" of sacred scripture. Another, as the title asserts, is that Christianity took a long time to develop; it wasn't fixed when the ink dried on John, chapter 21. Yet another is that there were groups of people drawn to the teachings of Jesus and the company of other believers all over the Mediterranean world. The book calls them not local churches but "Jesus clubs" and "associations." We know little about them except the ideas suggested from their scanty literature, some of which came to light, literally, only in the 20th century.
Their literature has lots of references to the club members sharing meals. The book makes this seem as normal as our dining with friends, although it seems less class-conscious and more inclusive than we might experience. More like a fish-fry at the VFW than like a table for four in a restaurant that takes reservations. Their literature also shows that they used common baths together (women and men at separate times), some public, some more selective and private. It reminds me of how people use public swimming pools today: for relaxation, health, socializing, gossip. The writings from the ancient bathers suggest that they used the baths symbolically, too. A bath could "cleanse" one of the humiliation of an undesirable, dirty job, or of worries, or guilt, or grief or more. Dining together and bathing together were things that everyone did, whether they shared a religious interest or not. We'll tie all this together after one more background item, now moved to foreground.
The biggest revelation for me in the book is its emphasis on what the early followers of Jesus were primarily coping with. I've long thought their primary struggle was getting over not belonging to Judaism any more. This book emphasizes that their bigger issue was differentiating themselves from the values of the Roman Empire. That was in the background of my understanding of Christian origins; the book persuades me to bring it front and center.
Imperial Rome was vicious, violent, unprincipled and exceedingly smug. Its goal was to dominate peoples as far as it could reach, and they happily dehumanized the "barbarians" that they conquered and enslaved many of them. We know they crucified Jesus, but they crucified many, many more, routinely, choosing that method for the terror it would strike in the hearts of anyone who beheld it. Rome's emperors declared themselves divine. Their rich flaunted their wealth, connections and power.
Judeans were fiercely independent and resistant to Rome, sometimes violently, sometimes not, but never pacified. Their Temple in Jerusalem was sacred to them, and its aura sanctified its surroundings. So when Rome's client king of Israel built Roman-style baths around the Temple, that was just too much for faithful Judeans. The Roman occupation already diminished Israel's sense of their election by God, and the new baths so near their holiest place were a terrific wallop to their pride.
Into this milieu there came a man named John. He was the son of a Temple priest. John's birth was announced to his father, until then childless, while he was serving in the Temple. John grew up to be a wild-ass of a man, a desert-dweller, now recognized as the last of the prophets, compared in our literature to Elijah who would precede the end-times return of God's Anointed. This John initiated an alternative to the obnoxious Roman baths. And it wasn't in the city, it was in the Jordan River, the original–and highly symbolic–border of the Promised Land. Many, many Judeans followed him to the Jordan and bathed there, cleansing themselves of Roman imperial filth and decay, of humiliation and grief. Among them was Jesus of Nazareth. There's some evidence that Jesus joined John in conducting the ritual elements of this bath, and that he succeeded John, inheriting some of John's disciples when the Bather was executed.
To the extent that this is an accurate picture of the origins of Christian baptism, it offers an alternative energy and direction to the routine renewal of our baptismal commitments. Even if all you do is "bless yourself with holy water" at the entrance of church, it's a reminder to declare you want to be cleansed of imperialistic filth and decay, cleansed of the desire to dominate others, free of the urge to dehumanize them, loosed from the bonds of guilt. Saint Paul took this imagery even further: Baptized into Christ, he says, you have been raised with Christ to a new life.
We are communities of people immersed into the death and resurrection of Jesus. We should reclaim the impetus to reject imperialistic smugness and decay, to replace guilt with freedom, domination with charity, comfortable stasis with trips to our boundary waters and beyond.
François_Rude, The Baptism of Christ, in La Madeleine (Church of the Magdalen), Paris. Click here for the Wikipedia article about the sculptor. This photo is compressed from an image on the blog of Kate Ballbach, who calls herself "an American monolingual living in Luxembourg."
This page updated January 6, 2024